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To date, my blogs have been about my experiences as an Israeli-American who’d returned to Israel in 2011. I recently dug up a story I wrote about my family and the Lebanon War of 2006, while we were visiting and building our new home in Kfar Tavor. Much has changed since, and little has changed since. The story was picked by a Jewish publication.

2006:

Picture this: A hot summer afternoon in Kfar Tavor, a small village in Northern Israel. Nexus vst mac download. I’m sitting on our rooftop deck in our just completed new home. The easterly wind so typical of the Lower Galilee blows amidst the rows of olive groves, bending the tree branches in every direction. Vineyards stretch to the hillsides. My twin daughters, Maya and Romy, age 8, are playing downstairs with their new Israeli friends. My wife Pnina had just returned from the market and will soon join me to a cup of Turkish coffee. It was during this seemingly idyllic setting that I asked myself: What were our chances of being struck by a Hezbollah rocket?

That question crossed my mind as the war raged for three weeks against the Hezbollah with no end in sight. Only yesterday, the number of rockets that slammed the Tzafon, the North, reached the three-thousand mark. But still, to any reasonable man the odds of being hit by a rocket were as remote as claiming a winning Lotto ticket. A handyman who was busy putting the final coat of paint to our new kitchen quickly dispelled my sense of calm. “No one buys 150 lottery tickets per day,” he said, waving his paint brush at me, referring to the daily deluge of rockets that rained down on Galilee. That statistic was unsettling but I wasn’t ready to panic just yet. I wanted to replace panic with cold, hard facts. Being a geography graduate from the University of Tel Aviv some thirty years earlier afforded me some tools unavailable to the average Joe, or here, in Israel, to the average Yossi. A quick lookup in the atlas confirmed what we all know: Israel is small, about half the size of San Bernardino County. Pencil in hand, I circled the map of Galilee, noticing that the region comprised one-third of Israel’s land. My confidence suddenly slipped.

The Israeli media aggravated our already frazzled nerves. Days earlier, cameramen had swooped down over Nahariya, an otherwise quaint resort town on the Mediterranean. A direct rocket killed a woman instantly while she sat in her penthouse balcony. Pictures of the attack were splashed in newspapers. Red was the dominant color. Each day, it seemed, the red spilled further and further south, closer and closer to our home. Kfar Tavor, 45 miles from the Lebanese border, had become the frontier. Fighter jets streaked the sky on their way to Lebanon. The drone of the Apache helicopters above was omnipresent during all hours of the day, ferrying soldiers and materiel to the battlefront.

My daughters didn’t ask questions. They didn’t need to. War permeated every room, every conversation, and every funeral. They soaked up the war from the TV monitor in my sister-in-law’s living room, from hearing about the Hezbollah from the anchorman, from the front page pictures of the dead and maimed, from their friends, and from sensing our disquiet. They knew their vacation in Israel was different, like no other they’d experienced during their young lives.

The summer camp shut down abruptly. School buses idled in parking lots. My daughters gazed through the padlocked gate and the chain link fence that surrounded the community swimming pool. A sign read: “Due to the situation, pool is closed until further notice.” They didn’t ask. They knew.

During a brief lull in the fighting, I piled the girls into the car, packed their bathing suits, slathered their faces with sun-block, and drove ten minutes to a neighboring village which chose to keep its swimming pool open, ignoring strict directives from the military to keep people from assembling in any one place. The pool swelled with kids and their parents. Beach balls skipped over the water. I stretched on a comfortable lawn chair, watched my girls jump off the diving boards; I watched them lick ice cream cones while the amplified radio played a Rolling Stones classic, the sound of the electric guitar aching. Overhead, Apache helicopters, resembling giant grasshoppers, thumped in a northerly direction. For a moment, it felt as if I were a character in the movie Apocalypse Now. Out in the open and without cover, I gambled in a game of Russian Roulette, or Hezbollah Roulette. Now, in retrospect, I acted recklessly. Then, it was escapism, if only for a day. Then, it was not to deprive my daughters of the summer vacation we had promised them.

Gambling with our lives seemed ordinary. Rockets fell everywhere and people went about their business. Many ignored sirens and bomb shelters. This was doubly true of the elderly. They’d seen greater calamities in the past. Rockets weren’t going to change their calendar. Case in point: at the grocery store I pushed my shopping cart past an old man with a cell phone attached to his ear. The person on the other end informed him of a fatality in Haifa. A rocket struck a driver, incinerating his vehicle. I could see the horrific news affected the man. He covered his eyes and shook his head in disbelief. He then reached for a coffee can off the shelf and said into the mouthpiece, “That’s terrible, terrible. Listen, they have a two-for-one special on Brazilian coffee, should I get some?”

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Life went on.

In time, everyone told stories of almost being hit by a rocket. They were either on their way to a shop or an office minutes before or after rockets had landed. Miracles abounded. I had one of my own. The doors in our new house were missing door handles. I climbed into my sister-in-law’s car and we drove twenty minutes from Kfar Tavor to Nazareth. Nazareth’s vibrant Jewish, Moslem, and Christian communities drew people from far and wide for generations. To Nazareth you went if you wanted to repair your car on the cheap, to buy gold jewelry, spices, or in my case, door handles. Once done with our shopping in Nazareth we dined at a local Arab-owned restaurant. We complimented the owner-chef on the fine humus and fluffy pita bread. We returned home. Two hours later I learned a Hezbollah rocket exploded a half-mile away from the restaurant in a courtyard where children were playing soccer. The rocket killed two young Arab brothers. That night, Nasarallah of the Hezbollah labeled the dead children as Shaids, martyrs. That night, my head on the pillow, I realized half a mile was a close call. I turned over and slept.

The next morning an Israeli-Arab laborer was to lay tile in our guest bathroom. I watched him measure and cut the tile. It didn’t take long for the conversation to veer into politics. “As Arab-Israelis, we’re screwed,” he said and drew a deep puff from his Marlboro. I didn’t respond right away. I gave him space. “You see,” he continued, “The Arabs in Lebanon, in Jordan, in Syria – they all regard us as traitors. We live inside a Jewish state with Jews.” He put out his cigarette. “On the other hand,” he said, “all the Israelis think of us as collaborators, as Hezbollah sympathizers. Either way, we lose.” He then made mention of the two young Arab boys who were killed indiscriminately by Hezbollah in Nazareth. He said: “Our blood is as red as yours.”

When he left, I climbed on the rooftop. The Galilee population is 50% Moslem and Christian, 50% Jewish. From my vantage point I could see Arab villages hug the hillsides. Shepherds led their grazing sheep up the slopes. The cries of the muezzins from the mosques over the loudspeakers sliced the air several times a day, calling the believers to prayer. Whether we wanted it or not, the lives of the Arab-Israelis and the Jews were intertwined.

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And the rockets kept coming. Huddled on the floor inside our bomb shelter with Pnina, Maya and Romy, our eyes squinting in the dark, staring at the steel trap door and steel-plated window, sucking air from the vent that led to the outside world, I said to Pnina in code language: Did you hear the boom of the “Tet – Yod – Lamed?” Forgetting completely that the girls had learned Hebrew at Adat Ariel in first grade, Romy stood up and shouted, “Abba, you said TIL, — that’s Tet – Yod – Lamed — That means ROCKET. Did a rocket fall on our house?” Download appcleaner mac os.

No, it didn’t. The tail of a rocket malfunctioned in mid-flight and fishtailed to the ground about a mile away.

Every day the names and pictures of the fallen soldiers and civilians were shown on television and in the papers. Grief suffocated the nation. We spoke of nothing else. Then grief gave way to anger. Israel wasn’t used to protracted wars, to such high casualties. Israel’s military supremacy was never in question, but with each passing day, victory became elusive. Finger-pointing dominated the airwaves. Everyone was a general. We all asked the same question: How could Israel have allowed the Hezbollah to build its war machine? As if to mock us, every time Israel upped the ante, dropped more bombs, and turned Lebanese villages to rubble, the Hezbollah slammed Galilee even harder.

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If an army marches on its stomach, it took but one phone call in Kfar Tavor to enlist the women in the village. Within minutes my wife Pnina jumped in the car and came back with enough groceries to feed Napoleon’s army. She toiled in the kitchen for hours. Juicy meatballs materialized in no time. Plump chickens filled pots. Coffee cakes rose in the oven. Hours later the women assembled at the main square of the village and a long convoy of cars snaked its way north, to feed soldiers just across the Lebanese border.

The war affected Israel disproportionately. In the north, thousands lived around the clock inside ill-equipped, neglected and smelly public bomb shelters. Shopping malls resembled ghost towns. Theaters were empty. Restaurants begged for diners. Thousands fled to relatives and friends to the south. Tel Aviv, beyond the rockets’ range, belonged to another planet. People there continued to frequent the cafes, to work on their beach tan, and to fill the night clubs. Such was the case when we packed an overnight suitcase and drove the two-hour ride to Tel Aviv to attend my niece’s Bat Mitzvah celebration. I feared we’ll witness nothing but empty tables and a teary-eyed twelve-year old. Who in his right mind wanted to attend a Bat Mitzvah in the middle of the war? I was wrong. Two hundred guests feasted, laughed, and danced. Unlike the Hezbollah that chose death, we, as Jews embraced life.

The next morning we couldn’t return to Kfar Tavor, our home. The war escalated to new levels. Rockets pummeled Galilee. Cars clogged up the highways leading south. No one dared head north. “I want to go home,” I told my father in his apartment overlooking the Mediterranean. “What? Are you nuts? Stay with us for a few days,” he said.

“I don’t have a change of underwear? “ I told him.

“Use mine, then,” he laughed. “It’s war time.”

The following day I accompanied my father to a Yad Vashem satellite museum near Tel Aviv. The museum’s director invited my father to give firsthand testimony of his days in the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp as a boy. The museum was to document my father’s incarceration on video and to archive the DVD at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. During the three hours I spent in the studio with my father, the present did not exist. The Hezbollah was off limits. I only heard of his days in the camps, of his subsequent Aliya to Israel as a holocaust survivor, of farming on a kibbutz, and of his fighting the Arabs during Israel’s War of Independence in 1948. Once the interview ended, we stepped out into the sun, and into the present. Sitting in the back of a taxi, he said, “What do you say we take the grandchildren to the beach this afternoon?”

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Life went on.

Coincidentally, the cease-fire went into effect during our last day in Israel. Israel and Hezbollah fought it out for more than a month. Now they removed their boxing gloves without a clear winner. They were both bloodied.

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In the evening, the taxi pulled up to our house. We drew the shades down over the windows, locked up, and strapped the many suitcases on the roof of the cab. We were going home, this time to America.

A sudden explosion startled us. “Did the Hezbollah violate the ceasefire already?” I asked the driver as to where the rocket might have landed. “The Arabs,” he said, and pointed to the source of the mesmerizing display of red, yellow, green, and white fireworks igniting the night sky. “They’re celebrating a wedding; they’re going to sing and dance till dawn.”

Freehand download mac. Such was the case in the Middle East. Life and death mixed.

As we neared the airport on Highway 6, the latest addition to Israel’s freeways, I saw an enormous truck on the right lane struggling to pull its load. The cab sped up until we were even alongside the giant flatbed. The cargo was covered with camouflaged netting. As if reading my mind, the driver said,” It’s a damaged tank. It took a hit in Lebanon.”

I rolled down the window. The netting on the truck flapped erratically in the wind, revealing the body of the tank, much like a doctor pulling back the bed sheets to reveal the patient. Israel was hurt. But just like the tank that will be nursed back to health, so Israel will recover, gain strength, and learn its lessons.

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Hedera helix L.
Ginseng family (Araliaceae)
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NATIVE RANGE
Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa

DESCRIPTION
English ivy is an evergreen climbing vine that attaches to the bark of trees, brickwork, and other surfaces by way of small rootlike structures which exude a sticky substance that helps the vines adhere to various surfaces. Older vines have been reported to reach 1 foot in diameter. Leaves are dark green with white veins, waxy to somewhat leathery, and arranged alternately along the stem. Leaf forms include a 3 to 5-lobed leaf (the most common) and an unlobed rounded leaf often found on mature plants in full sun that are ready to flower. Vines may grow for up to ten years before producing flowers. Under sufficient light conditions, terminal clusters of small, pale yellow-green flowers are produced in the fall. The flowers are attractive to flies and bees in search of late season nectar sources. The black-purple fruits have a thin fleshy outer covering, contain one to three hard, stone-like seeds and may persist through the winter if not eaten first.

NOTE: The leaves and berries of English ivy contain the glycoside hederin which could cause toxicosis if ingested. Symptoms include gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, hyperactivity, breathing difficulty, coma, fever, polydipsia, dilated pupils, muscular weakness, and lack of coordination. This feature also helps ensure effective seed dispersal by birds.

Poison ivy may be confused with English ivy in the winter because they both have hairy stems. However, poison ivy is deciduous and has no leaves during the winter time (English ivy has leaves all year round). During the growing season the three-leaved foliage and clusters of whitish berries help to distinguish poison ivy.

ECOLOGICAL THREAT
English ivy is a vigorous growing vine that impacts all levels of disturbed and undisturbed forested areas, growing both as a ground cover and a climbing vine. As the ivy climbs in search of increased light, it engulfs and kills branches by blocking light from reaching the host tree’s leaves. Branch dieback proceeds from the lower to upper branches, often leaving the tree with just a small green “broccoli head.” The host tree eventually succumbs entirely from this insidious and steady weakening. In addition, the added weight of the vines makes infested trees much more susceptible to blow-over during high rain and wind events and heavy snowfalls. Trees heavily draped with ivy can be hazardous if near roads, walkways, homes and other peopled areas. On the ground, English ivy forms dense and extensive monocultures that exclude native plants. English ivy also serves as a reservoir for Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa), a plant pathogen that is harmful to elms, oaks, maples and other native plants.

DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
English ivy has been reported to be invasive in natural areas in 18 states and the District of Columbia.

HABITAT IN THE UNITED STATES
English ivy infests woodlands, forest edges, fields, hedgerows, coastal areas, salt marsh edges, and other upland areas, especially where some soil moisture is present. It does not grow well in extremely wet conditions and tolerates a wide range of soil pH but prefers slightly acid (pH=6.5). English Ivy is often associated with some form of land disturbance, either human-caused or natural.

BACKGROUND
English ivy was probably first introduced to the U.S. by European immigrants for its ornamental appeal. It persists as a popular plant for homeowners, businesses, landscape designers and others. Cooperative Extension offices continue to recommend English ivy for use as a low maintenance alternative to lawns because it is evergreen, relatively pest free, very cold hardy and fast-growing groundcover that requires little care once established.

BIOLOGY & SPREAD
English ivy spreads locally through vegetative growth and new plants can grow from cut or broken pieces of stems that are able to root in the soil. It disperses longer distances via seed which is carried to new areas by frugivorous birds including the Cedar Waxwing, Northern Robin, Stellar Jay, Mockingbird, European Starling, and House Sparrow.

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Manual, mechanical and chemical control methods are all effective in removing and killing English ivy. Employing a combination of methods often yields the best results and may reduce potential impacts to native plants, animals and people. The method you select depends on the extent and type of infestation, the amount of native vegetation on the site, and the time, labor and other resources available to you. Whenever possible and especially for vines climbing up trees or buildings, a combination of cutting followed by application of concentrated systemic herbicide to rooted, living cut surfaces is likely to be the most effective approach. For large infestations of ivy spanning extensive areas of ground, a foliar herbicide may be the best choice rather than manual or mechanical means which could result in soil disturbance.

Biological
There are no biological controls currently available for English ivy.

Chemical
Systemic herbicides like triclopyr (e.g., Garlon® 3A and Garlon® 4) and glyphosate (e.g., Accord®, Glypro®, Rodeo®) are absorbed into plant tissues and carried to the roots, killing the entire plant within about a week. The evergreen nature of English ivy means that it continues to grow through the winter months although at a reduced rate. Herbicide applications can be made any time of year as long as temperatures are above 55 or 60 degrees Fahrenheit for several days and rain is not expected for at least 24 hours. Fall and winter applications will avoid or minimize impacts to native plants and animals. Repeated treatments are likely to be needed. Follow-up monitoring should be conducted to ensure effective control. Herbicidal contact with desirable plants should always be avoided. In areas where spring wildflowers or other native plants are interspersed, application of herbicides should be conducted prior to their emergence, or delayed until they have died back. If native grasses are intermingled with the ivy, triclopyr should be used because it is selective for broad-leaved plants and will not harm grasses.

Glyphosate products referred to in this fact sheet are sold under a variety of brand names (Accord®, Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate) and in three concentrations (41.0, 50.2 and 53.8% active ingredient). Other glyphosate products sold at home improvement stores may be too dilute to obtain effective control. Triclopyr comes in two forms – triclopyr amine (e.g., Garlon® 3A, Brush-B-Gone®, Brush Killer®) and triclopyr ester (e.g., Garlon® 4, Pathfinder®, and Vinex®). Because Garlon® 3A is a water-soluble salt that can cause severe eye damage, it is imperative that you wear protective goggles to protect yourself from splashes. Garlon® 4 is soluble in oil or water, is highly volatile and can be extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. It should not be used in or near water sources or wetlands and should only be applied under cool, calm conditions.

Basal bark application
Use a string trimmer or hand saw to remove some of the foliage in a band a few feet from the ground at comfortable height. To the exposed stems, apply a 20% solution of triclopyr ester (Garlon® 4) (2.5 quarts per 3-gallon mix) in commercially available basal oil with a penetrant (check with herbicide distributor) to vine stems. As much as possible, avoid application of herbicide to the bark of the host tree. This can be done year-round although efficacy may vary seasonally; temperatures should be above 50 degrees F for several days.

Cut stem application
Cut each vine stem close to the ground or at a comfortable height and cut again a little higher up. Remove cut pieces to make a vine-free band around the tree trunk. The upper portions of cut vines will eventually die, rot and fall off the host tree. To the freshly cut surfaces of the living rooted stems apply a 25% solution of triclopyr amine (Garlon® 3A) or glyphosate (e.g., Accord®) mixed in water. Homeowners can apply products like Brush-B-Gone®, Brush Killer® and Roundup Pro® Concentrate undiluted to cut stems. Using a paint brush or a plastic spray bottle, apply herbicide to the cut surface especially the perimeter inside the bark which is the living portion of plant.

Foliar application
From summer to fall, apply 2 to 5% solution (8 to 20 oz. per 3-gallon mix) of riclopyr ester (Garlon® 4) mixed in water with a non-ionic surfactant to the leaves. Thoroughly wet the foliage but not to the point of runoff. Some control may be achieved with glyphosate as a 2 to 4-percent solution (8 to 16 oz. per 3-gallon mix) mixed in water with a 0.5 to 1.0 %non-ionic surfactant, but repeat applications are likely to be necessary. During foliar applications some of the herbicide is also absorbed through the stem for additional (basal bark) effect. Because English ivy is evergreen, the ideal time to treat it is during mild spells in winter when most native plants are dormant, to avoid affecting non-target species. However, winter treatments may be less effective than summer through fall applications.

Manual and Mechanical
Vines growing as groundcover can be pulled up by hand, with some difficulty, and left on-site or bagged and disposed of as trash. Always wear gloves and long sleeves to protect your skin from poison ivy and barbed or spined plants. For climbing vines, first cut the vines near the ground at a comfortable height to kill upper portions and relieve the tree canopy. A large screw driver or forked garden tool can be used to pry and snap the vines away from the tree trunks. Vines can be cut using a hand axe or pruning saw for larger vines or a pruning snips for smaller stems. Try to minimize damage to the bark of the host tree. Rooted portions will remain alive and should be pulled, repeatedly cut to the ground or treated with herbicide. Because cutting will likely result in vigorous regrowth, vigilance is required to ensure long term control.

Mulching
Mulching may be an effective choice for smaller infestations when herbicides are not appropriate. Cover the entire infestation with several inches of mulch. This may include wood chips, grass clippings, hay or similar degradable plant material. Shredded or chipped wood may be the best option since hay and grass may potentially carry weed seeds. Covering the area with cardboard may improve the effectiveness and longevity of this method. The mulch should stay in place for at least two growing seasons and may need to be augmented several times. Mulching can also be done following herbicide treatment.

USE PESTICIDES WISELY: ALWAYS READ THE ENTIRE PESTICIDE LABEL CAREFULLY, FOLLOW ALL MIXING AND APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS AND WEAR ALL RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE GEAR AND CLOTHING. CONTACT YOUR STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR ANY ADDITIONAL PESTICIDE USE REQUIREMENTS, RESTRICTIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

NOTICE: MENTION OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS ON THIS WEB SITE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT OF ANY MATERIAL.

CONTACTS
For more information on the management of English ivy, please contact:

  • Jil Swearingen, National Park Service, jil_swearingen at nps.gov
  • Sandra Diedrich, sddivy at teleport.com
  • Kris Johnson, National Park Service, kris_johnson at nps.gov
  • Sue Salmons, National Park Service, sue_salmons at nps.gov
  • Ron Dean, National Park Service, ron_dean at nps.gov
  • James Akerson, National Park Service, james_akerson at nps.gov

SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE PLANTS
A wide variety of attractive and ecologically adapted and beneficial native plants can be substituted for English ivy. Select plants adapted to the level of light available on the site (i.e., full sun, shade, part-shade). Plants that will eventually spread to cover an area of ground include flowering plants like eastern prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), blue phlox (Phlox divaricata), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), Allegheny spurge (Pachysandra procumbens), and green and gold (Chrysogonum virginianum); ferns like Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), northern maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), northern lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea); grasses like red fescue (Festuca rubra), wild oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix) and switch grass (Panicum virgatum); and sedges like Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pennsylvanica) and tussock sedge (Carex stricta). Native vines that are good replacements for English ivy include trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), passionflower vine (Passiflora lutea), Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla), and native wisteria (Wisteria frutescens)*.

* If you wish to plant wisteria, make certain that it is the native species. Two commonly planted ornamental wisterias, Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) and Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda), are exotic and aggressive invaders. Please consult the native plant society in your state for more information on species native to your particular area.

OTHER LINKS

AUTHORS
Jil M. Swearingen, National Park Service, Washington, DC
Sandra Diedrich

REVIEWERS
James Akerson
Ron Dean

PHOTOGRAPHS
Jil M. Swearingen, National Park Service, Washington, DC

REFERENCES
Animal Poison Control Center. http://www.aspca.org/toxicplants/M01879.htm

Assiut University (Egypt). English ivy. http://www.aun.edu.eg/distance/pharmacy/poison/hedera.htm

Collins, Christi. 1994. Some notes on Hedera helix The English ivy. The Nature Conservancy.

Czarapata, E. J. 2005. Invasive plants of the upper midwest: an illustrated guide to their identification and control. The University of Wisconsin Press. 215 pp.

Dirr, Michael A. 1990. Manual of woody landscape plants: their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation and uses. Stipes Publishing Company, Champaign, IL.

Fernald, M.L. 1970. Gray's Manual of Botany. Eighth ed. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, N.Y. p.1078.

Harty, Francis M. 1993. How Illinois kicked the exotic species habit. In B.N. McKnight (ed.), Biological Pollution. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis, Indiana. Pp. 195-209.

Holloran, P., A. Mackenzie, S. Ferrell, & D. Johnson. 2004. The Weed Workers’ Handbook: A Guide to Techniques for Removing Bay Area Invasive Plants. The Watershed Project and California Invasive Plant Council. 120 pp.

Lewis, W.H., and M. Elvin-Lewis. 1977. Meidical Botany: Plants Affecting Man's Health. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

McElrone, A., Sherald, J. L. and Pooler, M. R. Identification of alternative hosts of Xylella fastidiosa in the Washington, DC area using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). J. Arboric. (In press)

Miller, James H. 2003. Nonnative invasive plants of southern forests: a field guide for identification and control. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–62. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 93 p.

Pennisi, B.V., et al. 2001. Commercial Production of English Ivy. University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. Bulletin 1206. http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B1206.htm

Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. 1968. Manual of the Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. Pp. 758-9.

Randall, J. M., and Marinelli, J. 1996. Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Handbook #149. p. 7-11.

Salmons, S. 2000. Rock Creek Park Invasive Non-native Plant Mitigation Program, Final Report. January, 23 pp.

Sherald, J. L. and Kostka, S. J. 1992. Bacterial leaf scorch of landscape trees caused by Xylella fastidiosa. J. Arboric. 18: 57-63.

Slattery, B. E., K. Reshetiloff, and S. Zwicker. 2003. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis MD. 82 pp. Call: (410) 573-4500.

Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council. 2004. Invasive Plant Control Manual.

Swearingen, J. 2009. WeedUS Database of Plants Invading Natural Areas in the United States: English Ivy (Hedera helix). http://www.invasive.org/weedus/subject.html?sub=3027.

Thomas, L.K., Jr. 1980. The Impact of Three Exotic Plant Species on a Potomac Island. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series, no. 13. 179 pp.

USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Uphof, J.C.T. 1968. Dictionary of Economic Plants. J. Cramer Publishing Co., Lehre, Germany.

Virginia Native Plant Society. 1995. Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia: English ivy (Hedera helix). Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.

Virginia Native Plant Society Potomac Chapter. 2004. Native Alternatives to English Ivy.

Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group.

FACT SHEET LIST | APWG HOME PAGE

Comments, suggestions, and questions about the website should be directed to the webmaster.
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/hehe1.htm
Last updated: 07-Jul-2009

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